模拟酸雨对浙东北红壤中盐基离子和铝的淋失影响研究

通过对浙江省东北部杭州至宁波地区两个红壤剖面的模拟酸雨淋溶实验研究表明，随着时间的延续，盐基离子的淋失浓度会在某一时期出现一个峰值。该峰值的出现与酸雨的ｐＨ值并不简单相关，Ａｌ＾３＋的淋失浓度只是在酸雨ｐＨ值＝２．５左右才显增高并在淋出液ｐＨ＝４．０时有一个阈值，经ｐＨ＝２．５－３．０模拟酸雨１０余年降水量的淋溶，红壤中淋出液的ｐＨ值下降不超过０．８。     

青岛地区总悬浮颗粒物中金属元素沉降通量

于2001 05～2002 04在青岛近海三个采样点采集了100多个大气气溶胶样品,用ICP测定了元素Al、Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn的浓度,讨论了这几种元素入海通量的季节变化和年平均值。结果表明,三类地壳元素春季在青岛近岸海域的沉降通量占全年的50%以上,而夏季不到10%;Cu秋季≈冬季(各占30%左右)>春季>夏季;Pb、Zn四季沉降通量的变化规律为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。     

太湖水-气界面CO2交换通量观测研究

基于2003-01～2005-06利用静态箱法对太湖水-气界面CO₂交换通量的观测,对太湖水-气界面交换通量的变化特征进行了分析研究.结果表明:太湖水-气界面CO₂交换通量存在明显的日变化,春、夏、秋、冬4季日平均通量分别为-0.79mg/(m²·h)、-4.89 mg/(m²·h)、-4.06 mg/(m²·h)和-2.56 mg/(m²·h),太湖均是CO₂的汇.一般污染越重的区域,CO₂通量值越大.藻型湖区水-气界面CO₂交换通量季节变化不明显,草型湖区水-气界面CO₂交换通量季节变化很明显,夏秋季高,冬春季低.CO₂通量变化的可能相关因子还有天气情况、太阳辐射、风速及水温、pH、TA、Chla、TC、TN和TP等.     

沼泽湿地孔隙水中溶解有机碳、氮浓度季节动态及与甲烷排放的关系

选择三江平原典型的毛果苔草沼泽湿地为研究对象,测定了沼泽湿地孔隙水中水溶性碳、氮浓度、CH4浓度和CH4排放通量,以及相关环境因子;研究了沼泽水中水溶性有机碳、氮浓度变化特征,探讨了沼泽湿地孔隙水中CH4浓度和排放通量季节性变化及发生原因.结果表明,三江平原沼泽湿地土壤孔隙水中DOC浓度有明显的季节变化(p＜0.01).最高值(剖面平均值为95.1 mg·L-1)出现在6月份,9和10月份出现最低值(剖面平均值均为79.3 mg·L-1),剖面上浓集中心位于15～30 cm.孔隙水中NH4 -N和NO-3-N浓度也有明显的季节变化,而DON变化不明显.孔隙水中CH4浓度在剖面上的分布特征与DOC一致,高浓度中心位于20～30 cm.除6月份外,孔隙水甲烷浓度与土壤温度和DOC浓度有显著的正相关关系,与NH4 -N和NO3-N均没有显著相关性.土壤温度和孔隙水中DOC浓度是影响沼泽湿地产CH4能力的重要因素.CH4排放通量与土壤温度和积水深度呈很好的指数关系,与剖面CH4浓度和孔隙水NH4 -N浓度有显著的正相关关系.CH4排放通量与孔隙水DOC浓度相关性不显著.     

重金属离子-二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠螯合体系的HPLC分析方法研究

采用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(NaDDC)为螯合剂,对Cu(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)六种重金属离子进行了螯合萃取分离体系的方法研究,用HPLC方法建立了上述金属离子的最佳分离条件及定性定量分析方法.结果表明,用C18反相柱(5μm,150×4.6mmi.d.)和流动相(V(乙腈):V(甲醇):V(水)=55:15:30)能有效分离上述重金属离子,最低检测限在0.1～1.6ng范围内,线性范围及线性关系满足定量分析要求.     

Chemical Composition and Acidity of Rain at the Gulf of Iskenderun,North-East Mediterranean

The purpose of the present work was to investigate the chemistry of rain in the Gulf of Iskenderun, North East Mediterranean, Turkey. The Gulf region has a large number of industries. Main industries existing in the region are iron and steel works, fertilizer plants, a cement plant, and several medium and mini size steel mills in addition to the international pipe line terminals. This study aims to apportion the local sources contributing to the overall pollution of the region. To this end a precipitation sampling program was started in January 2000, and over 48 precipitation samples were collected from each of 5 stations located at Iskenderun city center, Iskenderun industrial zone, Payas city center, the campus of Iskenderun Technical College and the campus of Mustafa Kemal University. Samples were analysed for pH, NO₃ ⁺, Cl^-. Ca, Al, Ba, Na, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe, K. Concentrations of metal ions were determined by ICP-AES. NO₃ ^- ions and pH were determined by using NO₃ ^- selective electrode and pH meter, respectively.pH values of the collected samples at the industrial zone and at Payas city center, ranged between 5.02 and 7.38, respectively. NO₃ ^- and metal ions concentrations were highly variable. Concentrations of Ca and Fe ions were higher in the industrial zone and Payas city center. In the other three stations, concentrations of metal ions and NO₃ ^- ion were lower than that of industrial zone and the values of pH ranged between 6 and 7.4. The average pH values at Iskenderun Gulf showed that the precipitation was not acidic, because of the high concentration of Ca. The highest concentrations of Na and Cl ions were recorded in the University campus because the campus is located by the Mediterranean Sea.     

污水处理过程中膜故障分析与防治对策

膜分离作为一门新型的高效分离、浓缩、提纯和净化技术,是支撑循环经济和可持续发展的重要技术.详细分析了污水处理过程中膜故障产生机理,并给出了相应的防治对策.     

淮河流域旱涝易发区农田的陆气相互作用——CO2通量、能量交换和水汽输送的季节变化特征

利用淮河流域旱涝易发区的安徽省寿县农田下垫面陆气相互作用观测试验资料,重点分析观测期内CO2通量、能量交换和水汽输送的季节变化,并讨论了与此有关的辐射分量通量、下垫面反射率、波恩比、能量闭合守恒、土壤温度和土壤湿度的季节变化.结果表明CO2通量、能量分配受地表农作物长势影响明显,其中,水稻灌浆、成熟期,被稻田吸收的CO2通量最大可超过2 mg·m-2·s-1,潜热通量达到正的极大值.稻田光合作用最旺盛时期吸收的CO2通量和释放的潜热通量均大于小麦田光合作用最旺盛时期的对应量.较大土壤热通量对应于较低的土壤水含量.试验观测期的下垫面平均反射率为0.14.作物生长期,稻田表面潜热是下垫面吸收能量的主要消费者,小麦田表面潜热和感热相当.能量闭合率ε的变化范围为0.4～1.     

The Water Fluxes of the Yellow River to the Sea in the Past 50 Years, in Response to Climate Change and Human Activities

Since the 1970s, the water fluxes to the sea of the Yellow River have declined significantly. Based on data of precipitation, air temperature, the measured and “natural” river flow, the water diversion and consumption, and the areas of erosion and sediment control measures over the drainage basin, water fluxes to the sea of the Yellow River are studied in relation with the influences of changing climate and human activities. The Yellow River basin can be divided into different water source areas; multiple regression indicates that the variation in precipitation over different water source areas has different effect on water fluxes to the sea. In the period between 1970 and 1997, averaged air temperature over the whole Yellow River increased by about 1.0°C, from 16.5°C to 17.5°C, a factor that is negatively correlated with the water yield of the Yellow River. Water diversion and consumption has sharply increased and resulted in a significant decline in the water fluxes to the sea. Since the 1960s, erosion and sediment control measures have been practiced over the drainage basin. This factor, to a lesser degree, is also responsible for the decrease in water fluxes to the sea. A multiple regression equation has been established to estimate the change in water fluxes to the sea caused by the changes in precipitation, air temperature, water diversion and consumption, erosion, and sediment control measures, indicating that the contribution of water diversion and consumption to the variation in annual water flux to the sea is 41.3%, that of precipitation is 40.8%, that of temperature is 11.4%, and that of erosion and sediment control measures is 6.5%.